Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences

Psychometric Properties of the Modified Persian Version of Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire for Athletes

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

1 PhD Students in Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

3 PhD in Cultural Sociology, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

10.22122/jrrs.v16i0.3510

Abstract

Introduction: The Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaire is a self-administrable outcome tool designed to measure adverse childhood experiences. The aim of this study is to translate the ACE questionnaire into Persian and cross-culturally adapt it to athletes.Materials and Methods: The English version of the 10-item ACE was translated into Persian and completed by a sample of 210 athletes along with Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the validity. Additionally, to measure reliability, Cronbach’s alpha and split-half coefficients were used. Convergent validity was also measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Results: The validity of the Persian version of the CAE questionnaire was confirmed. The reliability values obtained in term of Cronbach's alpha and split-half coefficients were higher than 0.7. The correlation between ACE and CTQ was positive (r = 0.68, P < 0.001).Conclusion: The Persian version of ACE is a reliable and valid measure in athletes.

Keywords

  1. McLeod JD, Almazan EP. Connections between childhood and adulthood. In: Mortimer JT, Shanahan MJ, editors. Handbook of the life course. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2003. p. 391-411.
  2. Heim C, Shugart M, Craighead WE, Nemeroff CB. Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect. Dev Psychobiol 2010; 52(7): 671-90.
  3. Felitti VJ. Childhood sexual abuse, depression, and family dysfunction in adult obese patients: A case control study. South Med J 1993; 86(7): 732-6.
  4. Felitti VJ. Long-term medical consequences of incest, rape, and molestation. South Med J 1991; 84(3): 328-31.
  5. Gould DA, Stevens NG, Ward NG, Carlin AS, Sowell HE, Gustafson B. Self-reported childhood abuse in an adult population in a primary care setting. Prevalence, correlates, and associated suicide attempts. Arch Fam Med 1994; 3(3): 252-6.
  6. Van Niel C, Pachter LM, Wade R, Felitti VJ, Stein MT. Adverse events in children: predictors of adult physical and mental conditions. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2014; 35(8): 549-51.
  7. Cavanaugh CE, Petras H, Martins SS. Gender-specific profiles of adverse childhood experiences, past year mental and substance use disorders, and their associations among a national sample of adults in the United States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50(8): 1257-66.
  8. Anda RF, Croft JB, Felitti VJ, Nordenberg D, Giles WH, Williamson DF, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. JAMA 1999; 282(17): 1652-8.
  9. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, Williamson DF, Giles WH. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. JAMA 2001; 286(24): 3089-96.
  10. Dong M, Anda RF, Dube SR, Giles WH, Felitti VJ. The relationship of exposure to childhood sexual abuse to other forms of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction during childhood. Child Abuse Negl 2003; 27(6): 625-39.
  11. Park CL, Fenster JR. Stress-related growth: Predictors of occurrence and correlates with psychological adjustment. J Soc Clin Psychol 2004; 23(2): 195-215.
  12. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychol Inq 2004; 15(1): 1-18.
  13. Masten AS. Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. Am Psychol 2001; 56(3): 227-38.
  14. Bonanno GA, Papa A, O'Neill K. Loss and human resilience. Appl Prev Psychol 2001; 10(3): 193-206.
  15. Bonanno GA. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol 2004; 59(1): 20-8.
  16. Fraser MW, Kirby LD, Smokowski PR. Risk and resilience in childhood. In: Fraser MW, editor. Risk and resilience in childhood: An ecological perspective. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers; 2004. p. 13-66.
  17. Aldwin CM, Levenson MR. Posttraumatic growth: A developmental perspective. Psychol Inq 2004; 15(1): 19-22.
  18. Uher R, McGuffin P. The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the etiology of depression: 2009 update. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15(1): 18-22.
  19. Wrigglesworth J, Ancelin ML, Ritchie K, Ryan J. Association between DNA methylation of the KITLG gene and cortisol levels under stress: A replication study. Stress 2019; 22(1): 162-8.
  20. Benedetti F, Poletti S, Radaelli D, Pozzi E, Giacosa C, Ruffini C, et al. Caudate gray matter volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder is influenced by adverse childhood experiences and ongoing drug treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32(4): 544-7.
  21. Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A. Childhood maltreatment is associated with reduced volume in the hippocampal subfields CA3, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109(9): E563-E572.
  22. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med 1998; 14(4): 245-58.
  23. Finkelhor D, Shattuck A, Turner H, Hamby S. A revised inventory of Adverse Childhood Experiences. Child Abuse Negl 2015; 48: 13-21.
  24. Murphy A, Steele M, Dube SR, Bate J, Bonuck K, Meissner P, et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI): Implications for parent child relationships. Child Abuse Negl 2014; 38(2): 224-33.
  25. Dube SR, Williamson DF, Thompson T, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. Assessing the reliability of retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences among adult HMO members attending a primary care clinic. Child Abuse Negl 2004; 28(7): 729-37.
  26. Ramiro LS, Madrid BJ, Brown DW. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health-risk behaviors among adults in a developing country setting. Child Abuse Negl 2010; 34(11): 842-55.
  27. Matsuura N, Hashimoto T, Toichi M. Correlations among self-esteem, aggression, adverse childhood experiences and depression in inmates of a female juvenile correctional facility in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 63(4): 478-85.
  28. Andersen JP, Blosnich J. Disparities in adverse childhood experiences among sexual minority and heterosexual adults: results from a multi-state probability-based sample. PLoS One 2013; 8(1): e54691.
  29. Hardt J, Vellaisamy P, Schoon I. Sequelae of prospective versus retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences. Psychol Rep 2010; 107(2): 425-40.
  30. Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl 2003; 27(2): 169-90.
  31. Ebrahimi H, Dejkam M, Seghatoleslam T. Childhood traumas and suicide attempt in adulthood. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol 2014; 19(4): 275-82. [In Persian].
  32. Zang Y, Hunt NC, Cox T, Joseph S. Short form of the Changes in Outlook Questionnaire: Translation and validation of the Chinese version. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10(1): 41.
  33. Gefen D, Straub D, Boudreau MC. Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 2000; 4(1): 7.
  34. Sanders B, Becker-Lausen E. The measurement of psychological maltreatment: Early data on the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale. Child Abuse Negl 1995; 19(3): 315-23.
  35. Nijenhuis ERS, Van der Hart O, Kruger K. The psychometric characteristics of the Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC): First findings among psychiatric outpatients. Clin Psychol Psychother 2002; 9(3): 200-10.
  36. Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2017; 2(8): e356-e366.
  37. Wilkes TC, Guyn L, Li B, Lu M, Cawthorpe D. Association of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders with somatic or biomedical diagnoses: Do population-based utilization study results support the adverse childhood experiences study? Perm J 2012; 16(2): 23-6.
  38. Zarse EM, Neff MR, Yoder R, Hulvershorn L, Chambers JE, Chambers RA. The adverse childhood experiences questionnaire: Two decades of research on childhood trauma as a primary cause of adult mental illness, addiction, and medical diseases. Cogent Med 2019; 6(1): 1581447.
Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences
Volume 16, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
April 2020
Pages 87-94
  • Receive Date: 26 March 2020
  • Revise Date: 02 June 2022
  • Accept Date: 22 May 2022