The Effect of Different Types of Quiet Eye Training on Kicking Skill in Children with High Motor Proficiency

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Motor Control, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Motor Behavior, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22122/jrrs.v14i2.3147

Abstract

Introduction: The human uses vision to detect information about the task environment. Studies have shown that duration of quiet eye, motor performance, and efficiency in a number of tasks has improved using quiet eye training. The current study was to assess the effects of different types of quiet eye training on quiet eye and kicking skill in children with high motor proficiency.Materials and Methods: In this study, 45 boy students with high motor proficiency with age range of 7 to 10 years by performing a pretest phase, homogeneously divided in to three groups of baseline, and short-term and long-term quiet eye training. The study included pretest, acquisition, and posttest phases. In the pretest phase, the participants performed 4 soccer shots (Modified Christian Moore's Shot Test). The acquisition phase was done in 12 sessions, and 10 trials in per session. At the end of the last training session, the participants performed 4 soccer shots in the posttest phase. In each phase, visual information was recorded by the eye tracking system, and the accuracy of the soccer shot was recorded by the researcher. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA.Results: The different types of quiet eye training had a significant effect on accuracy of soccer shot (P = 0.001) and the duration of quiet eye (P = 0.001) of children with high motor proficiency. But there was no significant difference between each of the types of quiet eye training on the accuracy of soccer shot and the duration of quiet eye (P > 0.05 for both).

Keywords

  1. Vickers JN. Perception, cognition, and decision training: The quiet eye in action. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2007.
  2. Wilson MR, Causer J, Vickers JN. Aiming for excellence: the quiet eye as a characteristic of expertise. In: Baker J, Farrow D, editors. Routledge handbook of sport expertise. London, UK: Routledge; 2015.
  3. Moore LJ, Vine SJ, Cooke A, Ring C, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training expedites motor learning and aids performance under heightened anxiety: The roles of response programming and external attention. Psychophysiology 2012; 49(7): 1005-15.
  4. Vine SJ, Wilson MR. The influence of quiet eye training and pressure on attention and visuo-motor control. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2011; 136(3): 340-6.
  5. Vine SJ, Moore LJ, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training: the acquisition, refinement and resilient performance of targeting skills. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14(Suppl 1): S235-S242.
  6. Wilson MR, Miles CA, Vine SJ, Vickers JN. Quiet eye distinguishes children of high and low motor coordination abilities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45(6): 1144-51.
  7. Miles CAL, Vine SJ, Wood G, Vickers JN, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training improves throw and catch performance in children. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2014; 15(5): 511-5.
  8. Miles CA, Wood G, Vine SJ, Vickers JN, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training aids the long-term learning of throwing and catching in children: Preliminary evidence for a predictive control strategy. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17(1): 100-8.
  9. Miles CA, Wood G, Vine SJ, Vickers JN, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training facilitates visuomotor coordination in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2015; 40: 31-41.
  10. Wood G, Miles CA, Coyles G, Alizadehkhaiyat O, Vine SJ, Vickers JN, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a group-based gaze training intervention for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. PLoS One 2017; 12(2): e0171782.
  11. Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2013; 6(1): 77-104.
  12. Vine SJ, Moore LJ, Cooke A, Ring C, Wilson MR. Quiet eye training: A means to implicit motor learning. Int J Sport Psychol 2013; 44(4): 367-86.
  13. Barnett LM, van Beurden E, Morgan P, Brooks LO, Beard J. Do skilled children become active adolescents? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40(5): S96.
  14. Tsai CL, Pan CY, Chang YK, Wang CH, Tseng KD. Deficits of visuospatial attention with reflexive orienting induced by eye-gazed cues in children with developmental coordination disorder in the lower extremities: an event-related potential study. Res Dev Disabil 2010; 31(3): 642-55.
  15. Flanagan JR, Bowman MC, Johansson RS. Control strategies in object manipulation tasks. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006; 16(6): 650-9.
  16. Emes C, Vickers J, Livingston L. Gaze Control in Children with High Versus Low Motor Proficiency. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 1994 p. 147-54.
  17. Langaas T, Mon-Williams M, Wann JP, Pascal E, Thompson C. Eye movements, prematurity and developmental co-ordination disorder. Vision Res 1998; 38(12): 1817-26.
  18. Amirfakhrian M. Comparing the focus of attention with fixed arrangement, random variables and variable on the performance and learning of soccer shots in novic children [MSc Thesis]. Karaj, Iran: Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University; 2012. [In Persian].
  19. Daneshyar E, Daneshfar A, Shojaei M. The effect of organizing training on children's motor asymmetry in football shots. Journal of Motor Behavior and sport Psychology 2014; 10: 925-34. [In Persian].
  20. Henderson SE, Sugden DA, Barnett AL. Movement ABC: Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. London, UK: Harcourt Assessment; 2007.
  21. Akbaripor R, Daneshfar A, Shojaei M. Reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (MABC-2) in children aged 7-10 years in Tehran. Rehab Med 2018: 7(4): 90-6. [In Persian].
  22. Thomas KT, Lee AM, homas JR. Physical Education Methods for Elementary Teachers. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2008.
  23. Lee DH. The role of the quiet eye in golf putting [PhD Thesis]. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter; 2015.
  24. Piras A, Lobietti R, Squatrito S. response time, visual search strategy, and anticipatory skills in volleyball players.
  25. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014: 189268.
  26. Causer J, Bennett SJ, Holmes PS, Janelle CM, Williams AM. Quiet eye duration and gun motion in elite shotgun shooting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42(8): 1599-608.
  27. Mann DT, Coombes SA, Mousseau MB, Janelle CM. Quiet eye and the Bereitschaftspotential: Visuomotor mechanisms of expert motor performance. Cogn Process 2011; 12(3): 223-34.
  28. Corbetta M, Patel G, Shulman GL. The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron 2008; 58(3): 306-24.
  29. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3(3): 201-15.
  30. Flanagan JR, Vetter P, Johansson RS, Wolpert DM. Prediction precedes control in motor learning. Curr Biol 2003; 13(2): 146-50.
  31. Vickers JN. The quiet eye: Origins, controversies, and future directions. Kinesiology Review 2016; 5: 119-28.
  32. Gallahue DL, Ozmun JC, Goodway J. Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
  • Receive Date: 29 September 2018
  • Revise Date: 27 April 2024
  • Accept Date: 22 May 2022