بیومکانیک و عملکرد عضلات در اجرای تکنیک‌های مختلف اسکوات با رویکرد توان‌بخشی و تمرینی: مرور روایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دکتری تخصصی، هسته علمی سامانه‌های پشتیبان در توسعه سلامت، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه مهندسی مکانیک، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی و هسته علمی سامانه‌های پشتیبان در توسعه سلامت، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران

3 استادیار، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران

10.22122/jrrs.v15i5.3477

چکیده

مقدمه: امروزه استفاده از تمرینات اسکوات در مراکز توان‌بخشی و بازتوانی به منظور گسترش توان و قدرت عضلات رواج زیادی پیدا کرده است. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، یافتن خلأ و کمبودهای موجود در مطالعات گذشته و ارایه روش‌ها و پیشنهادهایی جهت کاربردی و ایمن‌تر کردن تمرینات اسکوات برای اهداف توان‌بخشی و تمرینی بود.مواد و روش‌ها: برای انجام این تحقیق، مقالات انگلیسی انتشار یافته در زمینه بیومکانیک اسکوات، در بانک‌های اطلاعاتی PubMed، ScienceDirect و Google Scholar جستجو گردید. در این بررسی که محدود به مطالعات سال‌های 2000 تا 2020 بود، از کلید واژه‌های «Squat، Kinematics، Kinetics، Muscle function، Optimization» و ترکیبی از آن‌ها بر اساس سرعنوان‌های موضوعی پزشکی (Medical Subject Headings یا MeSH) استفاده شد و بررسی نهایی روی بیش از 32 مقاله با ارتباط مستقیم انجام گرفت.یافته‌ها: حرکت اسکوات با اهدافی مانند پیشگیری از آسیب، ارتقای تکنیک و بهبود عملکرد عضلات، به شکل گسترده‌ای مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. مهم‌ترین شاخص‌های کینماتیکی، کینتیکی و فعالیت عضلات بررسی شده در تحقیقات به دست آمده، دامنه حرکتی مفاصل، بیشینه گشتاور مفاصل به ویژه زانو و فعالیت الکتریکی عضلات چهار سرران و همسترینگ بود. در مقابل، بهینه‌سازی الگوی حرکت در روش‌های مختلف اسکوات انجام نشده است و با وجود بررسی عملکرد عضلات در مطالعات متعدد، اطلاعات کافی از عملکرد عضلات عمقی درگیر وجود نداشت.نتیجه‌گیری: انجام اسکوات با هالتر از عقب با عرض پای مساوی یا بزرگ‌تر از عرض شانه، با موقعیت طبیعی پا و امکان حرکت رو به جلو و آزادانه برای زانو و انجام اسکوات با عمق کامل به شرطی که قوس‌های کمر حفظ شود، روش مناسبی برای اجرای این حرکت است. ضمن این که استفاده از مدل‌های اسکلتی- عضلانی به منظور بهینه‌سازی الگوی حرکت و آگاهی از عملکرد عضلات عمقی، می‌تواند در جهت یافتن استانداردهای طلایی و کاربردی‌تر کردن حرکت اسکوات برای اهداف بالینی و توان‌بخشی مفید باشد.

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