Translation and Assessment of Content Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the "Scale of Attitudes toward Persons with Disability": A Psychometric Study

Document Type : Original Articles

Author

Instructor, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

10.22122/jrrs.v14i4.3255

Abstract

Introduction: The health care system should provide qualified health care services to people with disabilities equal to other members of population. The attitude of health professionals in providing standard services to people with disabilities has a significant impact on the quality of health care services. This study aimed to translate the “Scale of Attitudes toward Disabled Persons” (SADP) to Persian, and evaluate its content validity and reliability.Materials and Methods: Initially, based on the International Quality of Life Assessment project the process of translating to Persian was done by 6 translators. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were assessed by 8 occupational therapists. Relative content validity coefficient was investigated in order to verify the reliability of the questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed twice within 10 days by 52 health professionals who participated in this study. Internal consistency and the reliability of the test-retest were determined by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively.Results: From 24 items, the presence of 22 items in the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating the CVR and CVI. The Cronbach's alpha for two subscales of optimism/human right and pessimism/behavior was 0.70 and 0.65, respectively. Intra-class correlation coefficient for the two scales was 0.71 and 0.69, respectively.Conclusion: The Persian version of SAPD has good content validity and internal consistency for evaluation the attitude toward people with disabilities. Test-retest reliability is average due to the nature of attitude evaluation. SADP, along with other tools, can be an appropriate tool for evaluation attitude of health professionals toward persons with disability.

Keywords

  1. Soltani S, Khosravi B, Salehiniya H. Prevalence of disability in Iran. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44(10): 1436-7.
  2. Sahin H, Akyol AD. Evaluation of nursing and medical students' attitudes towards people with disabilities. J Clin Nurs 2010; 19(15-16): 2271-9.
  3. Paris MJ. Attitudes of medical students and health-care professionals toward people with disabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74(8): 818-25.
  4. Tervo RC, Palmer G, Redinius P. Health professional student attitudes towards people with disability. Clin Rehabil 2004; 18(8): 908-15.
  5. Sari HY, Citak EA, Uysal N, Yilmaz E. Attitudes of nursing students towards people with disabilities. Learning Disability Practice 2016; 19(1): 27.
  6. Ten Klooster PM, Dannenberg JW, Taal E, Burger G, Rasker JJ. Attitudes towards people with physical or intellectual disabilities: Nursing students and non-nursing peers. J Adv Nurs 2009; 65(12): 2562-73.
  7. Satchidanand N, Gunukula SK, Lam WY, McGuigan D, New I, Symons AB, et al. Attitudes of healthcare students and professionals toward patients with physical disability: A systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 91(6): 533-45.
  8. Tervo RC, Azuma S, Palmer G, Redinius P. Medical students' attitudes toward persons with disability: A comparative study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83(11): 1537-42.
  9. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Fredrickson B, Loftus G. Atkinson and Hilgard's introduction to psychology. 15th ed. Andover, UK: Cengage Learning; 2009.
  10. Allport GW. The composition of political attitudes. Am J Sociol 1929; 35(2): 220-38.
  11. Nota L, Santilli S, Ginevra MC, Soresi S. Employer attitudes towards the work inclusion of people with disability. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2014; 27(6): 511-20.
  12. Sharifi HP. Principles of psychometry and psychological testing. 7th ed. Tehran, Iran: Roshd Publications; 2002. [In Persian].
  13. Antonak RF, Livneh H. Measurement of attitudes towards persons with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil 2000; 22(5): 211-24.
  14. Morin D, Rivard M, Crocker AG, Boursier CP, Caron J. Public attitudes towards intellectual disability: a multidimensional perspective. J Intellect Disabil Res 2013; 57(3): 279-92.
  15. Chan F, Hedl JJ, Jr., Parker HJ, Lam CS, Chan TN, Yu B. Differential attitudes of Chinese students toward people with disabilities: A cross-cultural perspective. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1988; 34(4): 267-73.
  16. Stachura K, Garven F. A national survey of occupational therapy students' and physiotherapy students' attitudes to disabled people. Clin Rehabil 2007; 21(5): 442-9.
  17. Vilchinsky N, Findler L, Werner S. Attitudes toward people with disabilities: the perspective of attachment theory. Rehabil Psychol 2010; 55(3): 298-306.
  18. Hansson L, Jormfeldt H, Svedberg P, Svensson B. Mental health professionals' attitudes towards people with mental illness: Do they differ from attitudes held by people with mental illness? Int J Soc Psychiatry 2013; 59(1): 48-54.
  19. Henderson C, Evans-Lacko S, Thornicroft G. Mental illness stigma, help seeking, and public health programs. Am J Public Health 2013; 103(5): 777-80.
  20. Qaderzadeh O, Darvishmanesh M. A qualitative study of the causes and consequences of psychopaths based on the experience of their companion. Journal of Social Problems of Iran 2017; 8(1): 49-72. [In Persian].
  21. Mehrabian S, Bahrampour M, Nakhaei N. Attitude of Kerman medical sciences students on mental diseases. J Qual Res Health Sci 2010; 10(1): 29-35. [In Persian].
  22. Ryan TA, Scior K. Medical students' attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities: A literature review. Res Dev Disabil 2014; 35(10): 2316-28.
  23. Alabdulwahab S, Al-Gain SI. Attitudes of Saudi Arabian health care professionals towards people with physical disabilities. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal 2003; 14(1): 63-70.
  24. Bullinger M, Alonso J, Apolone G, Leplege A, Sullivan M, Wood-Dauphinee S, et al. Translating health status questionnaires and evaluating their quality: the IQOLA Project approach. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51(11): 913-23.
  25. Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psychol 1975; 28(4): 563-75.
  26. Chan F, Hua MS, Ju JJ, Chow SL. Factorial structure of the Chinese Scale of attitudes towards disabled persons: A cross-cultural validation. Int J Rehabil Res 1984; 7(3): 317-9.
  27. Sudman S, Bradburn NM. Asking questions: A practical guide to questionnaire design. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1983.
  28. Uysal A, Albayrak B, Koculu B, Kan F, Aydin T. Attitudes of nursing students toward people with disabilities. Nurse Educ Today 2014; 34(5): 878-84.
  29. Au KW, Man DW. Attitudes toward people with disabilities: a comparison between health care professionals and students. Int J Rehabil Res 2006; 29(2): 155-60.
  30. Kalantari S, Koochaki G M, Jouybari L, Sanagoo A, Aghaie Nejad A. Teaching professionalism and professional ethics using the hidden curriculum. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences 2016; 3(3): 54-5.