پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی

رویکردهای مورد استفاده در کاردرمانی برای مبتلایان به اختلال طیف اتیسم: مطالعه مروری قلمروسنجی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد، گروه کاردرمانی، دانشکده علوم توان‌بخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه کاردرمانی، دانشکده علوم توان‌بخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

10.22122/jrrs.v16i0.3694

چکیده

مقدمه: اختلال طیف اتیسم مشکلات چند عاملی (Multifactorial) را در برمی‌گیرد و ظهور آن در تعاملات اجتماعی همراه با مسایل رفتاری است که در فعالیت‌های روزمره مداخله می‌کند. با وجود وسعت و عمق محدودیت‌های عملکردی، این افراد نیاز به دامنه‌ای از مداخلات و برنامه‌های آموزشی دارند. از این‌رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف جمع‌آوری رویکردهای مورد استفاده کاردرمانگران در این افراد تدوین شد.مواد و روش‌ها: مطالعات پژوهشی موجود، از سه پایگاه داده OTseeker، Google Scholar و PubMed جمع‌آوری گردید. معیارهای ورود شامل مقالات چاپ شده به زبان انگلیسی، موضوع اصلی مطالعات مداخله‌ای کاردرمانی در افراد دچار اختلال طیف اتیسم و انتشار در بازه زمانی سال‌های 2000 تا 2020 بود. پس از انتخاب کلید واژه‌ها و جستجوی سازمان یافته، مقالات یافت شده با معیارهای ورود مطابقت داده شد و در نهایت، 30 تحقیق انتخاب گردید.یافته‌ها: بر اساس مرور منابع، مداخلات کاردرمانی برای افراد مبتلا به اختلال طیف اتیسم را می‌توان در طبقات اصلی «مداخلات مبتنی بر حس، مداخلات مبتنی بر ارتباطات، برنامه‌های رشدی مبتنی بر مهارت، آموزش مهارت‌های اجتماعی- شناختی، رویکردهای هدایت شده توسط والد، مداخلات رفتاری شدید، مدل شروع زودهنگام Denver (Early Start Denver Model یا ESDM)، آموزش پاسخ ‌محوری، درمان با کمک حیوان، رویکرد سوگیری شناختی به عملکرد کاری روزمره، مدل فلورتایم و مدل رشدی» شناسایی کرد. با توجه به این که تمرکز هر کدام از رویکردها، حوزه‌های خاصی از مهارت و عملکرد است، به نظر می‌رسد که استفاده از چند رویکرد در ترکیب با هم، مورد نیاز و مؤثر خواهد بود.نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس پژوهش‌های انجام شده، می‌توان گفت که در به کارگیری رویکرد خاص برای افراد مبتلا به اختلال طیف اتیسم، کاردرمانگران در کودکان خردسال اغلب بر تسهیل پردازش حسی و مشارکت در بازی تمرکز می‌نمایند؛ در حالی که اهداف کاردرمانی در نوجوانان می‌تواند بر عملکرد اجتماعی و رفتاری و استقلال در جامعه تمرکز کند.

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پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 1
فروردین 1399
صفحه 396-407